Climate Change

Dropping sea levels

Low Sea Levels As temperature dropped vast amounts of water were locked up in the ice sheets. Sea Levels fell to 140 Metres below current levels. Peoples of haplo groups K and O spread across the Pacific and M and Q reached the America's using extensive land bridges. It is possible that a second route for Halagroup P was through Oceania and into the Southern Arabian Sea.As the temperature dropped vast amounts of water were locked up in the ice sheets. Sea Levels fell to 140 Metres below current levels. Peoples of haplo groups K and O spread across the Pacific and M and Q reached the America’s using extensive land bridges.  It is possible that a second route for Halagroup P was through Oceania and into the Southern Arabian Sea.

Q and R

Q Goes further east,R returns westward The the more usual version of the spread of mutations Q and R. is that it took place on the roof of the world, the Himalayas, at a time when the whole area was submerged in ice.  The majority of those carrying the Q mutation eventually found their way to the America’s via the Bearing Straights and R fled from the advancing ice into the Indus and Sarasvati  River valleys. This solution does not fully explain the total dominance of R far to the west.

An Alternative Solution

c02-alternative-q-and-r Alternatively Mutation to Q took place much nearer to the route to the America’s

The mutation from P to R can only have occurred in one individual in one place.

The only place with residual R, with no mutations, is the Indus so R must have reached there.

The most promising solution is that mutation to R took place in one of a myriad of islands in the South arabian sea. It is possible that this event includes Madagascar. It seems strange that the popularly accepted history of Madagascar seems to be that there was no human occupation until 2500 BP.

Indiantis

Major Climate Change Multiple eruptions could have caused a Volcanic Winter in the area at the same time the seas were rising. I have called the islands, invaded by the twin curse of rising seas and volcanic eruptions, Indiantis.

There are five volcanoes or volcanic fields on Madagascar , one of which, Nosy Be, is a small subsidiary island eight kilometers off the coast of the main island. All these volcanoes were active at about the same time, around 8000 years ago which coincides with the highest rate of rise of sea level at the end of the ice age. There seems to be no speculation on what might have happened on the island earlier than this. Elsewhere in the southern Arabian sea there are other volcanic islands. If there were large numbers of people living in the area some emergency action could well have been necessary. I have called the islands, invaded by  the twin curse of rising seas and volcanic eruptions, Indiantis.

The Flight from Indiantis

The flight From Indiantis

R mutated to R1  and then when conditions became intolerable the whole R1 population moved. They may have had to search for the ideal location but it would not be surprising that they chose the three great river valleys surrounding the Arabian Sea. The Nile, The Indus and The Tigris/Euphrates.

R1 to R1b in Egypt

c04-rib-in-egypt Ancient Egypt was not confined to the Nile valley and estuary. Right from the beginning they possessed land on the shores of the Red Sea, On the islands in the Red Sea and even on the Arabian Mainland. The nile valley was occupied mainly by Haplagroup J and group R1 did not displace them. They mutated to become R1b and became the rulers of Egypt assuming the status of Gods. They then went on to colonise much of the Eastern Mediterranean.
If this speculation is correct there is no surprise that Tutankhamun is R1b. As time passed the mutations continued, perhaps faster than in any other Haplogroup.

R1 to R1a in Mesopotamia.

c05-ra-in-mesopotamia Meanwhile another group carrying R1 moved to the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia Babylon , Elam and Assyria and ultimately Persia. This group mutated into R1a and evolving quite separately another extended set of sub clades.

R1 To R1c?? in the Indus

c06-india-indus-and-persia The remaining group of R1 moved to the Indus Valley where they found a population of R2 who had mutated seperately and independantly from the Himalayan R. This group either merged with or ruled over the R2’s. This civilisation ultimately failed, possibly because of eruptions in the Himalaya’s which changed the courses of rivers on which they depended. They dispersed in both directions, into Persia and India.

Due to research carried out  in 2011, R2’s can now be clearly identified, but there is at the moment there is no sign of an R1c mutation. Perhaps it is only a matter of time before R1c’s will be located in Persia, Afganistan, Pakistan or India.
Interestingly this is the only place in the world where Haplagroup R,  has survived without mutation.

The most dangerous woman in the world

The Treasure of Trencavel

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Extract from The Prisoner of Foix--Chapter 43 -The EntranceNo need to buy a Kindle. Read it on your computer or tablet

John Stanley-26th April 1355

 

'Looks like we are going to see a bit of excitement, John. The Captain tried to get an agreement from the Prince that if there is surf running across the channel to Arcachon we will turn back to Bordeaux, but the Prince would hear none of it. Instead, he has offered to provide insurance for all three ships. If they are damaged or sunk, the owners will be compensated and every sailor who makes the passage will be given a bounty payment. What none of this seems to take into account is that if we sink in rough, fast-flowing waters we might all drown.'

John raised his eyebrows. 'But that is what we are going to do?'

'Yes, despite the fact that surf running accross the entrance is not uncommon and the deep water channel moves continually. In the end, the Prince attacked their captains on their weakest point, their professional pride! He threw down the gauntlet. He offered to take the Sally first through the channel, and to take control during the passage.' He raised his brow. 'We are going into the Bay of Arcachon, come what may! '

Extract from The Eagle of Carcassone -- Chapter 24-- A Real GoddessNo need to buy a Kindle. Read it on your computer or tablet

John Stanley - 22 July 1355

An hour later John walked with Ximene close to the river along the valley below St Feriole. It was the very essence of a summer’s day. The sun was fierce but in the shadow of the trees, it was cool and fragrant. The trees and shrubs along the riverbank hid their progress, from the Château, from St Feriole.

Eventually they reached a point where John thought it was safe to emerge from cover. To his satisfaction the stream extended into a pool with a sandy beach, shaded by trees. Where the stream entered the pool there was a flat grassy area, almost circular. Behind this, the bulk of two mountain ridges provided a splendid backdrop. He looked around once more ‘Not just a good training ground but a great training ground. If the Greek heroes knew about this they might be tempted to join me, to train with me’

Ximene laughed out loud. He turned to look at her. She had removed her outer clothes and was wearing a white chemise, cut short so that it barely reached her knees. Around her waist, she wore a plaited leather belt, obviously fashioned from the multitude of leather straps to be found in the tackle room.

She ran her hands down over her breasts. ‘When you were unconscious I heard you muttering about gods and goddesses, so  I have decided that from now on, for you, I will be the goddess.’

The Prisoner of FoixVol 1 of the series—The Treasure of Trencavel

Aquitaine, an English possession, is in crisis. It is under threat from neighbouring nations and internal dissension.

The Black Prince, King Edward III’s eldest son has been given the task of taking command in Aquitaine.

Suddenly there is an opportunity. Ximene Trencavel is the heiress to the lands of Occitan, to the east of Aquitaine: lands controlled by the Franks. Ximene wants independence, both for herself and for Occitan.

A union between Aquitaine and Occitan would be mutually beneficial. The Black Prince undertakes a secret journey to meet Ximene to negotiate a marriage contract. It is, however, a marriage neither of them really wants.

Meanwhile, the  Franks plot to murder Ximene to prevent ,not just the marriage, but any kind of union between England and Occitan.

The Eagle Of CarcassonneVol II of the series—The Treasure of Trencavel

The loose alliance between Ximene Trencavel and the Black Prince is under threat.

The Prince invades Occitan, to show his support for Ximene but it becomes an invasion which creates more problems than it solves.

The Prince has fallen hopelessly in love with Joan of Kent and Joan is now determined to marry him and become the next Queen of England.

Joan is therefore  determined to convince Ximene that she should not marry the Prince.

Part of her strategy is to encourage Ximene’s relationship with John Stanley—one of the Princes bodyguards—not an easy task as both John and Ximene have doubts about their compatibility.

However, John is grievously injured in a battle and Ximene commits herself to nurse him back to health.